No Data Found
Calophyllum inophyllum
Penaga Laut, Alexandrian Laurel
Low Sensitivity
| Species Name | Calophyllum inophyllum |
|---|---|
| Common Name | Penaga Laut, Alexandrian Laurel |
| Family | Calophyllaceae |
| Genus | Calophyllum |
| Taxonomic Synonyms/Past Names | |
| Taxonomic Notes |
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Species Information
1. Description
- Large tree growing up to 20 m tall with a spreading crown. Leaves 8-18 cm long, broadly elliptic-oblong, opposite. Flowers 2-2.5 cm long, white, in loose racemes. Fruits c. 3 cm across, smooth, globose to ovoid, dull green to brownish when ripe.
2. Tree Size
Large (>15 m)
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Small (4-10 m) (0)
Medium (10-15 m) (0)
Large (>15 m) (1)
Unknown (0)
3. Full Distribution
- A widespread species from East Africa, Madagascar, Indian Ocean islands, Sri Lanka, India, Southeast Asia, Taiwan, southern China (Hainan) to Northern Australia, New Caledonia and the Pacific Islands. Native from East Africa to Australia.
4. Habitat and Ecology
- Common along beaches and rocky coasts
5. Altitude (in meters)
- Tree grows at altitudes from 0-200 m
6. Landscape Type
Blue-green Corridors, Coastal Fronts
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Urban Streets (0)
Blue-green Corridors (1)
Small Urban Green Spaces (0)
Coastal Fronts (1)
Unknown (0)
7. IUCN Conservation Status
Least Concern
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Not Evaluated (0)
Data Deficient (0)
Least Concern (1)
Near Threatened (0)
Vulnerable (0)
Endangered (0)
Critically Endangered (0)
Extinct in the Wild (0)
Extinct (0)
Unknown (0)
8. Malaysian Red List from MyBIS
Not Evaluated
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Not Evaluated (1)
Not Applicable (0)
Data Deficient (0)
Least Concern (0)
Near Threatened (0)
Vulnerable (0)
Endangered (0)
Critically Endangered (0)
Regionally Extinct (0)
Extinct in the Wild (0)
Extinct (0)
Unknown (0)
9. Are more than 100 individuals available in local nurseries?
Yes
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Yes (1)
No (0)
Unknown (0)
10. How would you characterise the growth rate of this species?
Slow
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Fast (0)
Medium (0)
Slow (1)
Unknown (0)
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11. Does this species have an invasive root system?
No Data Found
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12. Is this species damaging or does it have staining resin or sap?
Yes
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Yes (1)
No (0)
Unknown (0)
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- It has yellow latex. The resin can be used to treat wounds and insect bites. [1]
13. Does this species produce large and/or staining fruits?
Yes
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Yes (1)
No (0)
Unknown (0)
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- Globular fruits are 2.5-3 cm long and smooth [1]
14. Does this species produce substances in its bark, leaves, fruits and/or seeds that are poisonous or harmful to humans?
Yes
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Yes (1)
No (0)
Unknown (0)
No Data Found
- The fruits are poisonous, the seed oil has rubefacient and irritant properties, the wood can cause dermatitis, and the sap is a skin and eye irritant. [1]
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- The fruits are poisonous, the seed oil has rubefacient and irritant properties, the wood can cause dermatitis, and the sap is a skin and eye irritant. [2]
15. Does this species have specific lighting requirements?
Full sun
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Full sun (1)
Partial sun & shade (0)
Full shade (0)
Partial shade (0)
Unknown (0)
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16. How would you characterise the air pollution tolerance of this species?
High
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Low (0)
Medium (0)
High (1)
Unknown (0)
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17. How would you characterise the soil pollution tolerance of this species?
High
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Low (0)
Medium (0)
High (1)
Unknown (0)
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No Data Found
- In a study assessing the growth of ten tree species on a barren tin mine in Bangka Island, Calophyllum inophyllum had one of the highest individual survival and cover rates 12 months after planting, at 99.3% and 0.13 m2, respectively. [1]
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18. Does this species have specific soil ph requirements?
No
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Yes (0)
No (1)
Unknown (0)
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- Tolerates a pH range of 5.0-8.0 [1]
19. Does this species have specialised habitat requirements?
No
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Yes (0)
No (1)
Unknown (0)
No Data Found
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20. Does this species occur/survive in habitats prone to saltwater intrusion?
Yes
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Yes (1)
No (0)
Unknown (0)
No Data Found
- Occurs in coastal areas. [1]
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21. Does this species occur/survive at locations that experience high temperatures?
Yes
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Yes (1)
No (0)
Unknown (0)
No Data Found
- Tolerates temperatures as high as 42 ºC. [1]
No Data Found
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22. Can this species tolerate inundation for >1 month?
Yes
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Yes (1)
No (0)
Unknown (0)
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- Does well despite the periodic inundation common to coastal areas. Specimens in a seasonally water-logged area in Wonogiri Regency, Indonesia grew well and started to flower and bear fruit in the third year. [1] [2]
23. Can this species tolerate water absence for >1 month?
Yes
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Yes (1)
No (0)
Unknown (0)
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- Tolerates drought lasting four to five months [1] [2]
24. Can this species tolerate storm conditions (e.g., strong winds)?
Yes
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Yes (1)
No (0)
Unknown (0)
No Data Found
- It can be planted as a coastal shelterbelt and windbreak due to its ability to withstand wind and even cyclones. Specimens were planted in Ketawang, Indonesia, to shield crops from harsh maritime conditions. [1]
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- It can be planted as a coastal shelterbelt and windbreak due to its ability to withstand wind and even cyclones. Specimens were planted in Ketawang, Indonesia, to shield crops from harsh maritime conditions. [2] [3]
25. Does this species have specific humidity requirements?
No
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Yes (0)
No (1)
Unknown (0)
No Data Found
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26. Is this species highly prone to predation, parasitism, and/or disease?
No
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Yes (0)
No (1)
Unknown (0)
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- No pests and diseases of major concern. [1]
27. Please provide any additional information for this species in the context of climate change resilience and/or vulnerability.
-
Insufficient Data
28. Does this species have biodiversity value (e.g., provides food or habitat, or increases landscape connectivity for urban fauna)?
Yes
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Yes (1)
No (0)
Unknown (0)
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29. Does this species have cultural value or provide products that are of some use to humans?
Yes
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Yes (1)
No (0)
Unknown (0)
No Data Found
- It is planted along roads, in domestic gardens and as a windbreak. It is in cultivation and has been introduced to several tropical countries for cultivation in near-coastal localities. The nut oil and other parts of the plant are used in traditional medicine but have also undergone pharmaceutical trials, which show extracts have the potential to treat cancer, HIV and intercellular parasites. Its timber is valuable and traditionally used to make canoes, flooring and the carpentry of small items. [1]
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Contributors: anonymous
Last Updated: 2023-03-15
Q9. Yes available in Malaysian Market
Q29 . Calophyllum inophyllum oil (CIO) is rich in antioxidants and contains UV-absorption properties that can be used within the dermatology field.